America’s First Ladies

The Intrigues and Witticism of America's First Ladles Introduction According to many Americans, First Ladies usually play the normal roles of wives to their husbands, doing the regular activities that wives are supposed to do for their husbands. Such activities, of course, do not include the usual house chores such as doing the laundry and scrubbing the bathroom. These are left for their trusted maid servants. Apart from ensuring that the President's suits have been nicely pressed, the First Lady will also be expected to accompany her husband during certain state functions of which she is required to.However, as Bill Alder reveals, the White House Is not Just a place to sit back, relax, watch TV and Walt for Mr.. President to come back home from a busy day. There are a few secret activities that go on inside and outside the chambers of the White House which would raise a few eyebrows when revealed. The following is a review of the book America's First Ladles: Their uncommon Wisdom fr om Martha Washington to Laura Bush by Bill Alder. It takes a deeper look into how these ladies are perceived by Alder and his personal opinions on their witticism and amusing undertakings in the White House.The following Is an Insight of some of Hess ladies' lives. Mary Todd Lincoln In the book, Alder pits the wife of Abraham Lincoln as a big spender. When her husband was vying for the top seat In the country, Mary Todd once whispered to a friend of hers that if Abraham won, he would remain privy to her habit of spending wildly. On the other hand, Mr.. Lincoln would have a hard time to digest the fact that his wife Is a spendthrift If he won the presidency (Adler, 2002). During her childhood years, Mary belonged to the aristocracy of Lexington.Her association with a privileged class increased her love of elaborate and showy attire and accessories. Though she couldn't settle for cheap clothing and would never have dreamt of getting married to a man who was way below her class, she so mehow fell in love with Abraham Lincoln, a poor man who was raised in a log cabin. As soon as Mrs.. Lincoln set foot inside the White House, she became a fashion symbol and was often under scrutiny by Journalists. She was mostly criticized over the high costs of her dresses.Some media houses sometimes suggested that the state funds used to buy her dresses would have been used to send aid to American soldiers who were dying in the battlefield. By doing so, her spendthrift nature would have been curbed. Her redecorating of the White House raised many eyebrows including those of her husband. Her extravagance and explicit taste of fashion actually made some European fashion designers emulate her. French Empress Egg ©nine is one of the women who were spotted adorning similar dress designs as Mrs.. Lincoln.Her extravagance was way too much as compared to previous First Ladles and her stay In the White House was a clear indicator of a change in pomp and glamour. Julia Tyler In 1844, John Tyler became the first American president to marry while holding office. He stunned Americans even more by marrying a lady who was thirty years younger than him (Adler, 2002). 21 -year-old Julia Gardener Tyler, another descendant of a wealthy family, however proved to the world that despite her tender age, she had to play near role as First Lady. Much like Mary Todd, Alder describes Julia as an explicit extravagant.The First Lady was seen to preside over functions with a high- spirited attitude. Prior to her entrance in the White House, guests used to be received following procedures laid out by the Van Burn administration. But during her time, he totally changed the reception procedures. She adorned plumes in her hair as she received guests. In addition, her maids wore white dresses which was a new trend as far as observers were concerned. According to her, she made all the alterations to revive the White House in order to please her husband.Using her wit, she believed that Presid ent Tyler would gain a lot of satisfaction by watching people praise his young and vibrant newly wedded wife. Ellen Wilson Not all women who have lived in the White House are full of unprecedented drama. Ellen Saxons Wilson is portrayed by Adler as a calm and composed motherly Oman. Most Americans at that time viewed her as a sweet caring mother. Being a daughter of a church minister, her humble and serene background may have played a major role in developing such a character in her.She is also one of the few women who never saw what the big deal was in staying in the White House. She never showed great enthusiasm in being the wife of the president of the United States of America. However, Lade shows an interesting side of Ellen. Having known each other since they were kids, Ellen and Woodrow Wilson did not shy from showing how much they loved and cared for each other. During the course of their romantic relationship, they two are rumored to have exchanged more than 1,000 love lette rs (Adler, 2002). Despite giving it her all in showing romance to her husband, Ellen also had a soft spot for art.Her love of painting saw her put up a studio complete with a skylight erected inside the White House. She continued with her hobby unperturbed even after attending the weddings of her two daughters in a span of six months. Hillary Clinton Being among the most learned First Ladies to ever stay in the White House, Hillary Roadman Clinton made her presence felt in the most convincing way possible. In her ears as an undergrad, she was a member of the National Honor Society. She also honed her leadership skills back then by being a student leader.By the time her husband, Bill Clinton, clinched power, she had already been appointed to the board of Legal Services Corporation by President Jimmy Carter. After President Clinton assumed office, she was given another official role of chairing the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. Despite all these roles, Adler shows how she still tried her best to balance between family, work and service. Conclusion The book does a good Job in giving an insight into the secret lives of America's First Ladies. It also reveals the goings-on that many an American are not familiar with.The book mostly contains anecdotes such as the antics of Mary Todd Lincoln. It also does a fantastic Job in exposing how most of the First Ladies were major spendthrifts who did their best to leave a mark in the White House in terms of pomp and color. An example is Julia Tyler who completely revived the reception procedures whenever foreign personalities paid a visit. His extensive use of lengthy speeches can be commended and criticized as well. An example is the reproduction of Hilary Silicon's address at Wellesley College. The letter sounds interesting at first but becomes dull soon afterwards.

First Five Years/ Descriptive Essay Essay

I was born on the island of Sao Miguel, Azores which is part of Portugal. Sao Miguel is also known as â€Å"Green Island† due to its lush meadow landscape, rain forests and waterfalls. I was blessed in being born to Eduardo & Olga Pereira. The story begins with my father; he entered the military â€Å"Army† as soon as he was of legal age. My mother was a live-in nanny for a wealthy family who lived in a white house on the hillside overlooking the city. She has told me how she loved being a nanny for the little boy who was called Roberto Reis. She often talks about the family because she has found memories of caring for the little boy. Also, being of a young age of 15 the family cared for her as one of their own children. This was the beginning to how my parents met. According to dad he was walking one day down a cobblestone road and spotted my mother on the grey iron veranda†¦ she was wearing a white dress, slim with long dark hair and very pretty and holding the l ittle boy. He tried talking to my mom at the time but she said she couldn’t be bothered. At least that’s how she tells the story. Nonetheless he started walking by every day at high noon in hopes of talking and courting my mom from the veranda. The family that she worked for had strict family values when it came to respecting someone’s daughter. The father figure in the house†¦said to my dad, Olga lives underneath our roof so I’m held accountable for her safety and well-being. She is a part of our family so I expect only honorable intentions. My dad respectfully informed him, his interest were for a long-term commitment. A couple of years later my father and mother got married and I came along shortly a year later. When I turned 2yrs of age my mother told me the story of how my maternal grandmother told her that she would not watch me again because I’d given her a heart attack. It seems that I was fond of kittens so I apparently saw one outside and decided to follow it right to a 2ft rock wall which I climbed and began crawling towards the orange colored kitten. When my grandmother finally noticed me she’d just about had a heart attack because behind that wall was 25 foot drop over rocks into grapevines. She slowly and carefully walked slowly calling my name to come to her and get off the wall. As she inched her way close enough she grabbed me and held so tight. She was just so  thankful that nothing happened to me. So as I stated earlier no more quality time at vovo’s house for me without my mom being present and accounted for. Once I reached 2  ½ years of age is when my parents and I migrated to the United States of America in April 1971. The â€Å"American Dream† is what my parents were in pursuit of which led them to the City of Fall My father’s sister lived here with her husband and children. It was very early on as to the goals my parents had set for themselves. My dad was a carpenter and built sailing yachts, and mom worked in a mill as a sewing machine operator. It was all about working hard and long hours and saving money to buy a car and then a house. Both parents didn’t go to college in Portugal but had enough education to reach the goals they set for themselves. I remember we always had everything we needed at least that’s what they showed growing up. The culture Roman Catholic was an enormous part of life. Going to church weekly and participation in church functions â€Å"The Feast of Our Lady of Health† were celebrated every August. The church held Saturday night dinner dances the men wore casual bell bottom pants and women wore white gogo boots†¦..it was all for raising money for the church often usually once a month as well as the New Year Party which brought the parishioner’s together to celebrate the new coming year. I was enrolled at SS Peter and Paul School. Learning Religion was very important to my parents. One memory in the 2nd grades I remember was the annual Halloween party at school. The PTA would decorate the hall with black and orange streamers and setup a witch’s cauldron with smoke coming out of it and we would bob for apples and get tricks or treat bags. It was such fun. I also enjoyed when we did fundraisers at school I liked bringing home the huge boxed kits full of items to show and sell on tracking sheet. I would constantly take items out and repack them I remember enjoying to the touch, the feel of things and even the smell of these little blue car erasers. I was so proud of selling my items I was known as the little brown haired girl who was assertive in selling all the different trinkets. I remember long ago how my parent’s friends would many times say to me â€Å"How time passes so quickly with respect to growth and time â€Å" I didn’t realize  how many fond memories I had of my early childhood until today. As I finish this essay the sun is shining bright yellow and my background music is calm meditation.

The Importance of Quality in Health Records Essay

The Importance of Quality in Health Records - Essay Example Notably, there are strict laws that guarantee the confidentiality of the information processed in the health records. Moreover, quality matters in health records. Indeed, accurate and complete clinical documentation of health records define the quality of health records. A quality audit of health records refers to the process of conducting internal or external reviews of all the tools, policies, procedures, and techniques used in healthcare institutions to ensure that the health records are up-to-date, accurate, efficient (Holmboe, n.y), liability-free, and compliant with the federal and the Department of Health standards. A quality audit seeks to improve clinical documentation with an aim of promoting better delivery of health care as well as ensuring efficiency and accuracy in documentation. Moreover, it establishes the medical areas that need improvements and corrections (Sharma & Mahajan, 1999). The conduct of a quality audit follows various steps. It can adopt an explicit or an implicit approach. However, the explicit approach is highly recommended (Holmboe, n.y). An understanding of the audit process is fundamental in assessing the quality of medical records. Notably, quality audits focus on and evaluate the procedural and diagnosis code selection adopted by a health practitioner. Firstly, the reviewer determines the educational and evaluation purpose of the audit. He then chooses and defines the quality measures in application. Additionally, he describes the audit process with well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, he establishes the areas of weakness, presents the audit findings, and establishes the areas of improvement and corrections in collection and processing health records. Most assuredly, the steps in the audit process determine the quality of the audit (Holmboe, n.y). The quality of documents in healthcare is very important. Various methods assure quality in documents. They include the requirement for authorization to

Relevant Organizational Records of Your Performance Review Meeting Essay

Relevant Organizational Records of Your Performance Review Meeting - Essay Example After analyzing the self performance form, I can clearly tell there were areas where he thinks he does exceptionally well and then there were those areas where he thinks he hasn't performed that well. After getting done with the performance self review form, I asked him some questions and those questions were based on his response on the self performance form. Other then that during the entire course of the meeting I had a notepad with me in which I noted down details regarding this interaction with Mr. X. The main points that I looked forward to in this meeting were whether Mr. X was confident, calm and composed during the entire self review process or he was too afraid of being appraised. I also had a company evaluation form which I had to fill in as I interviewed him. This form contained many questions but the main ones were regarding his performance during the interview, whether I thought he had what it took to be promoted, if I thought he had leadership qualities, was Mr. X to m e capable of handling more responsibilities and if he was capable of performing well under pressure. All these questions lead towards the main question which asked me if Mr. X in my opinion is deserving enough to be promoted to the next level the company's hierarchy. Reflections On Your Performance For Your CPD Record The meeting started off right on time. Before I handled over the self performance form to Mr. X, I introduced myself and told him the what the purpose of this meeting was. I informed Mr. X what job reviews actually are. I told him it is a method by which the on job performance of of an employee is measured or evaluated by a senior manager in the company. I informed him that such performance reviews take place once every year and explained him the entire process of this self performance. I personally think I did really well to let him know about the entire process and how things work out on the promotional scale. However, I think there was a communication gap between us and that could be attributed to me speaking to fast. I think this is one thing I really need to improve on and this is not really the first time that this has happened to me. Prior to this, in yet another performance appraisal interview, a candidate complained he was unable to interpret what I said as I he complained as I spoke too fast. After explaining him all this, I handled the performance evaluation form to him and told him how to fill it out. I told him about the possible options on the form and that he should select one which suits him best. It took him around half an hour to get done with the performance evaluation form and as soon as he was done he handed over the form to me. After receiving the evaluation form I first looked at his answers and I determined that he personally has a very balanced opinion about he he performs at work. Subsequently, I designed my questions keeping in view of what I got to know of him through the evaluation. However, here I must agree to the o ne fault I made after looking at the self evaluation form. I personally thought that Mr. X was a very proud person and I came to this view after looking at the evaluation form and finding out there were generally more ticks on â€Å"excellent† and â€Å"good† to the answers then on â€Å"poor† and â€Å"average†. My views however changed as I moved on to interview him. When I asked him if he thought he's a good worker, he told me that he thinks he doesn't know if he's good or not but he said he

Risk Management - Hospitality Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Risk Management - Hospitality Industry - Essay Example Every business entity when initiated will have inherited risk in them as it has to reach the costumers expectations and has to place itself in a competitive environment or it has to create a market demand to its new product to be launched. With out perceiving the risk of venturing into new market arenas the purpose of making profitability does not arise. All organizations will face some kind of risk proportions in their daily activities of their operations as the sectors demands a standard or particular norms and expectations to be met. The risk is inherited with the unexplored option which may turn in to organization benefit or it may crumble depicting that the perceptions were wrong. The common risk concerns areas are: Hazard risk: it is related to sudden incidents like fire eruption, natural calamities. Financial risk: the financial risks deal with the uncertainty of the economic viability of industry. Operational risk: is associated with various factors which has a significant ro le in the processes, methodologies adapted in the running the company. Strategic risk: eludes about the accuracy of the strategy implemented and explains ho far the methods adopted were proper to the company growth within the market.... officials failed in analyzing the sources. The south Indian region has more coffee consumers when compared to North. The Company did not expand aggressively into the north India where there was more corporate culture in cities like Delhi and Mumbai. In a span of six years from 1996 to 2002 it was able to open only 50 outlets major of them in south India metros cities and a few in north India parts like Pune. The lack of aggressive marketing of the cafe coffee day brand allowed other competitors to captivate on the demand created by CCD .There is an inability to choose right market. The south Indian market has already some active players in the coffee shops, as coffee used to be consumed more in South India. Caf coffee day choose to compete in existing market and confined itself to southern region. The negligence of the north Indian market where there are many industrially developed areas like New Delhi, Mumbai gurgoan, Noida, Pune and the consumers who are willing to accept the trendy ambience of the caf coffee day was untapped for a long time. In a booming market a new entrant taking such a long time will certainly allow the competitors to cash the opportunity which the other coffee shops like the barista and qwiky's have done. The CCD lacked professional expertise in the business expansion which can be observed in time lag for five years, before the decision to expansion has been taken place. The workers doesn't know how to analyze the feasibility, how to locate the right market. CCD has entered into a market with other active players who already exists in the South Indian market. A company having an ambitious plan to introduce a new product should do the necessary Market research which depicts the: Type of expected

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management Essay

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management - Essay Example The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.1 Number of contracts necessary to be hedged Contract Amount $ 7,500,000.00 Hedge Ratio 0.5 Price 97 No of contracts 38660 Part 2 I. In order to close the position, the company should buy futures contracts for March 2013, at the price 97.6. II. The transaction on the futures market brought a loss equal to: no of contracts *(selling price-buying price). The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.2 Final position from the futures transaction Price (short position) 97 Price (long position) 97.6 No of contracts 38660 Loss $ - 23,195.88 Part 3 I. The relationship between the price of the future contract and the interest rates on the market is an inverse relationship. So, for this example, the price of the future contract has raised implying a decline in the interest rate. II. The company has fixed its borrowing cost only for 50% of the exposure. The effective borrowing cost is computed as: r= 100- 97= 3% So, the company will borrow money at 3%. III. The company did not hedge all the risks involved by the transaction above. Firstly, it only hedged 50% of its interest rate exposure. Secondly, risks related to changes in the principal borrowed, or the currency in which this one is expressed are not hedged. Question 2 There are various theories related to dividend policies. One of the most important theories in this matter is the irrelevance thesis of Modigliani and Miller (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). Under certain assumptions, Modigliani-Miller argues that dividend policy is irrelevant (no taxes, no transaction costs, no issuance costs, no insider information, a fixed investment policy). In other words, the management’s decision to change dividend value does not determine a shift in firm value too because the shareholder wealth is determined by the income generated through the investment policy of the firm, and not the way the firm distributes the income (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Ano ther theory is based on the â€Å"bird - in – the- hand† hypothesis. This assumes that the financial markets are characterized by uncertainty and imperfect information, and because of this, dividends should be considered differently than retained earnings. Moreover, all investors would want to receive dividends i.e. cash (â€Å"bird-in-the-hand†) rather than future capital gains from the evolution of the stock (â€Å"two in the bush†). So, a firm which offers a high dividend ratio would deliver good signals to the market, boosts the stock market, and finally increases the firm’s value (Walter, 1963). A theory which contradicts the â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory is based on the tax-effect hypothesis. This theory states that a lower dividend policy would lower the cost of capital of the firm and in this way increase the stock value and the shareholders wealth (Bajaj and Anand, 1990). The starting point for this conclusion is considering the hi gher taxation of dividends compared to capital gains. Furthermore, the dividends are taxed right after are paid, whereas capital gains are taxed until the moment of sell. This consideration of tax advantages of capital gains compared with receiving dividend determine investors to be attracted of companies with higher retained earnings than a higher dividend policy (Pettit, 1977). Considering the company Swan Dane Ltd., which is keeping constant a high dividend policy, can be supported by the â€Å"

Book reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book reflection - Assignment Example Perhaps Thomas King is right because after all the stories of the Old Testament still profoundly interest and shape every new generation that is born, even though the actors who had once acted out these stories and even the stage are all gone. Thus, the stories of the Native Americans continue to instil a sense of the Native American identity and culture in these people, even though, ironically, King knows that very few people know how their lives hinge on them knowing about a story. It is the stories of the past that cause the Native Americans to maintain a firm base in places, even though with the intermingling of nations and the passage of time, those who had maintained roots in a place are there no longer. Thus, even today, a Cherokee from Oklahoma maintains a longing for the Alberta prairies, which were according to the stories, the home of the Cherokee and the border between the United States of America and Canada remains somehow artificial (King, 2003). King writes, â€Å"the border doesn’t mean that much to Native people in either country. It is, after all, the figment of someone else’s imagination†, despite the fact that the two colonial states on either side of the border completely changed the lives of the Native Americans and the border today is extremely significant. The word â€Å"we† in the statement â€Å"The truth about stories is that that’s all we are† presents strong intra-cultural and cross-cultural connections, because perhaps the stories of the Native Americans also have some meanings for others who came from afar to live in the new land with their own stories. Thomas King writes â€Å"What‘s important are the stories I‘ve heard along the way. And the stories I‘ve told. Stories we make up to try to set the world straight† (King, 2003). Only if somehow the stories belonging to every nation were to teach more tolerance and

College students need tax deductions - response to questionnaire Essay

College students need tax deductions - response to questionnaire - Essay Example Further, 7 (about 44%) of them stated that they do not work, i.e. they do not hold any sort of job, whereas 2 (about 12%) of them worked around 10 to 15 hours per week; 3 of them (about 19%) claimed that they worked 15 to 20 hours per week and the rest of them (about 25%) stated that they worked more than 20 hours per week. The findings show that a majority of the students does little to no work in the way of employment. When asked how many hours would suffice for them to afford college, about 19% said that they did not need work to afford college, and a similar percentage said that they had never thought about this question. Another 19% said that 20 hours per week would suffice, whereas 6% said that 15 hours and about 37% said that more than 20 hours per week would be sufficient. Around 44% of them stated that they had never thought about the tax rates for single college students, and an identical percentage stated that it is too high, only 2 (12%) thought that the current tax rate is reasonable. However, 100% of them would support a decrease in the current tax rate. Out of these, around 19%, about 12% and 50% wanted the tax rate to be reduced to 20 percent, 18 percent and 15 percent respectively, with about 6 percent stating that they did not want it changed. About 62% said that they found it hard to cope with their studies due to their work responsibilities whereas the other 48 or so percent did not have any such problems. When asked what problems they have had to face due to juggling work and studies together, the responses were quite varied: some of them simply stated that they do not work, whereas those who worked stated that their grades suffered, they were sleep deprived, had little to no social life, had professors who gave them extra work on weekends when they had to work most of the weekend, had a lack of concentration at both work and college as well as an unbalanced diet. In short there are

Blended Learning Implementation in Universities Essay

Blended Learning Implementation in Universities - Essay Example Unfortunately, not all universities have a clear view on how blended learning can be implemented. The goal of this paper is to highlight the most important points and offer a strategic framework for the development and implementation of blended learning strategies in higher education. The paper includes the definition and discussion of blended learning, the main criteria of effectiveness in blended learning environments, possible ways to implement blended learning in the classroom, and a common framework for higher education institutions seeking to implement the blended learning approach. Blended learning: models and implementation Regardless of the goals and objectives of blended learning in universities, the process of implementing blended learning models in higher education mandates the development of strong and complex program implementation frameworks. The overall process of developing and implementing blended learning programs includes the following elements: institutional, ped agogical, technological, design, evaluation and management, support and ethics (Singh 2003). This is actually a unique and extremely useful implementation framework that was proposed by Singh (2003). ... ecide whether it possesses technical and personnel capabilities required, to guarantee that all learners have equal access to blended learning instruments. At this stage of implementation, universities need to perform a detailed needs analysis, to understand what learners need and how blended learning can satisfy their needs. This is the planning stage of the implementation process in blended learning, which must include both strategic and operational aspects (Garrison & Kanuka 2004). In strategic terms, universities must necessarily evaluate the needs, objectives and goals of blended learning, its potential benefits, costs and the availability of resources (Garrison & Kanuka 2004). Operational planning has to be considered, in order to operationalize the goals and objective of blended learning and turn them into an action plan (Garrison & Kanuka 2004). For example, universities may develop advertising strategies to engage learners in blended contexts or attend to the needs of managi ng technologies effectively. Then follow the pedagogical and technological considerations. Universities that seek to implement blended learning approaches must decide upon the content to be included in the blend, the learning objectives to be met, and the learner needs (Singh 2003). In other words, here education professionals link the needs of learners to the learning objectives and the instruments to be used, to help learners meet these learning objectives. For example, if learners are expected to develop a new product or marketing model, then product simulation can become an essential component of the blend (Singh 2003). Once these delivery methods are identified, universities can proceed to decide upon the types of technologies to be used in blended learning. Here, technical

Australia Based Huggalugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australia Based Huggalugs - Essay Example Towels, bed sheets and blankets could be added in the company’s product repertoire. All these products can be manufactured to fit into Huggalugs’ core proposition of fashion and function. Most of the new product additions rely on the same raw materials that are used in existing products. By increasing the volume of purchase, the company can exercise more bargaining power over the suppliers of raw materials and gain a cost advantage. Likewise synergies can occur in the production processes (knitting process) as well as the channels of distribution. The skill sets of the existing labour will suffice to produce the proposed products. A product wise profitability analysis can be conducted to determine which of the items need to be removed from the present product line. The company can, after launching the proposed products, claim to be catering to the apparel needs of little ones from head to toe. These outfits would be the children’s best friend whether they are in bed or in the playground. Price A penetration pricing strategy (low price) would entail catering to the masses and dealing in volumes. However this strategy does not justify the quality of the product in question. The skimming pricing strategy (high price) on the other hand would mean that only the top rung of the society is the target market. The thoughts of ‘discounts’ and ‘value for money’ always loom large in the minds of the shoppers (in this case the parents) as kids tend to outgrow apparel pretty fast. It is therefore recommended that the company should adopt a cost plus pricing or ideally a competitive pricing model. A buyer of Huggalugs thus gets the dual benefit of function and fashion at reasonable prices. In other words, the Huggalugs brand gets associated with being stylish, multipurpose and yet inexpensive. Such a pricing strategy may prolong the break even period; however the company would be able to capture a large market share and would sta nd to gain in the long run Given that the company has increased its product range, it could use product bundle pricing. For e.g. if Baby Vintage Smitten (Legruffles) are priced at $ 15, Cheetah (Leghuggers) at $ 15 and Angel Daisy Bonnet (Beanie) at $24.95, a combination of all these 3 product items may be offered at $50. While this combo price saves $4.95 for the customer, it results in higher turnover for the company. The company should also employ ‘special event pricing’ for e.g. during Halloween and Christmas, promotional pricing may be done to encourage giving Huggalugs as gifts. The company should resort to ‘Sales’ sparingly otherwise customers tend to become ‘deal-prone’ Distribution The essence of distribution is that the product has to be made available at the place where the customer expects it to be. Furthermore customers have a tendency to form an opinion about the quality of the product on the basis of the place where it is availab le.  

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay Example for Free

Someone Who Inspires Me Essay There are so many people who have influenced my life, but the person that stands out the most is my grandmother. I call her my Nee because I couldn’t say â€Å"Grandma† when I started talking. She always is a happy person every time I see her; she always tries to make herself a better person no matter what. I look up to her every day, and I want to grow up and be respected like she is. She has influenced me by her actions to respect elders, respect my parents, and the most important one is to always have a smile on my face even when I’m down. Nee always tells me to respect my elders. She always leaves an impression to my eyes for the reason that she still respects her elders to this day. I can remember from day one that she always tells me to use my manners no matter who it is. I would always get in trouble for not saying â€Å"Yes Ma’am†, â€Å"No Sir†, â€Å"Please and Thank You†. When we go out in public she always sees someone she knows, and I will always catch her saying those words. Even if they aren’t older than her, she still uses her manners. I know she always reminds me to have respect because she will always compliment kids that use manners towards her. By her telling me that she loves and respects it when kids use manners, then I know the elders love and respect it when I use my manners. I get complimented all the time for having such great manners and I will always tell everyone that it’s all because of my grandmother. Respecting my parents is very important to her also. She always would tell me when I went over to her house to never be rude to my parents. They are the reason I am here today, and have such a fantastic life. I will ever forget the day when I had to go clean her house, because at a family outing I yelled at my parents for a dumb reason, and my grandma got mad. She told me that I had to come over for the weekend and she was going to teach me a valuable lesson about respecting my parents. I had to clean all the floors and windows, and let me tell you that was not enjoyable. I learned my lesson real quick and I would never yell at my parents again. My grandmother taught me that I am disobeying God by yelling at my parents. Nee always has a smile on her face no matter what her day been like. She is always a happy person and just brings a happy mood to the room. I look up to that greatly because I want to be happy all the time, and I want people to want to be around me. She would always tell me that nobody likes being around sad and gloomy people since it will just make them in that mood also. One weekend I was very cheerless and I walked into the room that had a joyful atmosphere, and then it just dropped to pure unhappiness. I could hear Nee inside my head telling me â€Å"People don’t like to be around others who are not cheerful†, and right then I changed my mood. I didn’t want to make those happy people all gloomy because I was; I wanted them to want to be around me. She would also tell me that going to church and worshiping The Lord will forever make you in such a joyful mood. I have gone to church since I was little, and every Sunday when I leave, I always have a smile on my face. As Nee continues to teach me respect and how to become a better person, her influence on me will just keep increasing significantly. Her teaching me to respect my elders no matter how old I am shows me that I still have to use my manner when I am an elder; because that’s how I want to be treated by younger people. She always will tell me that I need to respect my parents no matter what the situation is and to view the fact that one day they won’t be here and I’m going to be a parent. Last but not least, I always need to remember to have a smile on my face. I will always hear Nee tell me that nobody wants to be around depressing people, so I better turn that frown upside down. By Nee teaching me to respect elders, respect my parents, and always keep a smile on my face, I have no doubt that I will be an influence on someone else in the future.

Reflection paper Essay Example for Free

Reflection paper Essay Visiting the Daybreak Family Centre gave me the opportunity to learn more about social services in reality. Albeit not having the chance to interact with their clients because we were untrained, I had a fruitful discussion session with the social workers there. â€Å"Learning in social work isn’t a linear process,† shared one of the social worker. Theories though being taught in school seems like there is an accurate answer social work is not a mere transfer of learning. With real clients, it takes time to generate solutions. Some lessons can only be self-discovered through experiences. Since social workers usually deal with case-works, this provided me another insightful take-away of the importance of self-reflection which allows most practitioners to explore reasons they response in certain ways, helping to create self-awareness of own strength and weaknesses. Social workers too have attitudes, past and prejudices that will affect their responses to certain things. Without learning from oneself and acknowledge all these, it will be exceptionally difficult for social workers to assist clients effectively. These social workers shared that critical reflection allows them to form new perspective of the situation, understand themselves better and hence, advance. In social services, the importance of maintaining confidentiality and establishing professional boundaries could not be emphasizes enough. Also, bearing in mind, social workers cannot overpower clients, make assumptions or put own expectations on them. I have learnt that only when appropriate, can then a social worker take more control of clients’ lives. Social services focus on client’s self-determination. Clients ultimately have to be responsible of the decisions they make. Social workers cannot allow a particular incident to affect them so as to continue their profession. It is apparent that females mainly dominate the social work profession. It struck me on how this negatively impacted the manpower issue. In particular, the root cause of delinquency is the distant-father-figure at home. The  general consensus that men are more likely to be receptive towards other men in this issue causes a greater demand for male social workers. Unless the society takes a step forward and change this delusion that social work is a â€Å"voluntary-work†, not a profession, it will be rather difficult to ameliorate this situation. This general misconception has to be addressed meritoriously. On a side note, all the social workers I have meet were like angels, kind-hearted, understanding and never failed to wear on a big-smile!

Judicial Activism In Developing Environmental Jurisprudence In India Politics Essay

Judicial Activism In Developing Environmental Jurisprudence In India Politics Essay In his famous book law in changing society W. Friedman, while dealing with the interaction between law and the society, highlighted the controversy between those who believe that law should essentially follow not lead, and that it should do so slowly, in response to clearly formulated social sentiment and those who believe that law should be determined agent in the creation of new norms. The development of the environmental jurisprudence in India over the last two decades through the innovative judicial decisions of the Honble Supreme Court and the High Courts is probably the great inspiration for those who believe that law is the initiator rather than reactor of the social change. Although after the Stockholm Conference, 1972 and the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster, 1984, almost 200 Central and State legislations were enacted in order to ensure the all aspects of the environmental protection. But the failure on the part of the Governmental agencies to effectively enforce the environmental laws and the reluctance to use their statutory power against the polluters resulted in an accelerated degradation of the environment. Such large scale environmental degradation and the adverse effects on public health prompted the environmental degradation and the adverse effects on public health prompted the environmentalist and the residents of the polluted areas as well as the non-Governmental Organizations to approach the High Courts and the Supreme Court by way of public interest litigation for suitable remedies. In the process of adjudication on the environmental matters, the supreme Court, soon after the Bhopal Gas Leak incident, steps into the shoes of the administrators, marshalling the resources, issue directions to close down factories, requiring the implementation of the environmental norms, cutting of Judges driven implementation of the environmental administration and in doing so the Apex Court has adopted the various principles of international convention of environme ntal protection by environment-friendly interpretation of Articles 21, 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution of India. But such proactive role of Indian judiciary in environmental matters created new crisis and conflict between environmental protection and the economic development of the country inasmuch as thousands of the industries were closed down by the directions of the Courts on the ground of environmental protection specially in the era of globalization those who are involved in market mechanism are under apprehension that environmental laws will act as a barrier to industrialization and thus strict adherence to the environmental norms will affect the smooth economic development of the country. Moreover in the developing countries like India where population explosion, unemployment and the poverty are fundamental problems of the day to day life, the closure of the several factories on the ground of environmental protection will not only affect the economic development of the country but also directly violates the right of livelihood of the common people. For instance, Delhi the capital of India is regarded by many as a huge gas chamber due to its heavy air population resulting in respiratory and other medical problems to vast section of the city. The Supreme Court of India has no doubt taken salutary steps to check this evil, but its directive to close down factories as also resulted in unemployment of ten thousands of workers. In the present article the author is trying to focus the aforesaid conflict between the environment and the development in the human rights point of view and the significant role of the Indian Judiciary to resolve this conflict. The conflict between environment and development in the human rights perspective: Development is a complex process in which economic development is significant with one common element wherein human being is both the subject and the beneficiary of the development process. The process of development is inhabitable and it involves exploitation of the natural resources and consequently makes an impact on the ecology and the environment. In the era of globalization the growth of economy in all its sphere in general and in the industrial efforts, in particular, necessarily leads to exploitation of the natural resources which in turn often gives rise to issues concerning environmental security. Thus while on the one hand science and industries have contributed significantly to the progress of mankind they have also created a sharp contradiction between natural environmental which was a gift of the nature and the artificial environment which is a creation of the industry. The biggest challenge facing the policy maker today is to avert the ecological crisis without comprom ising with the developmental needs of the present protection. Until very recently the human rights and the rights of environmental protection were regarded as distant areas of public policy by the Governmental Institutions and the Non-Governmental Organizations. The policy makers started to regard the both within a single bracket after cropping up the aforesaid conflict between environment and industrialization due to globalization. Actually the relationship between environment justice and human rights is developed as both are the means to maximize human dignity and well being. But in the developing countries, poverty and unemployment make economic development priority which arises tensions between human rights activists and the environmentalists. Because, the human rights activists give preference to immediate basic human needs such as food, clothing and shelter over the long term environmental concerns. But in the era of globalization, a paradigm shift towards non-state actors international human rights formulated a new concept of sustainable development which provides the means to reconcile the aforesaid conflict. Let us discuss hereinafter how this new human rights jurisprudence is developed in international level. International Conventions on Sustainable Development: The international community responded belatedly way back in 1972 to the ecological crisis by recognizing the question of environmental protection and improvement as a major issue which effect the well-being of the people and the economic development throughout the world. The Stockholm Conference in his declaration proclaim both aspects of the environment, the natural and the man-made, being essentially to the well- being and to the enjoyment of the basic human rights have been the right to life itself 20 years later, the RIO SUMMIT, 1992, said the new agenda for sustainable development and adopted the agenda 21. In the Brundtland Report 1987, for the first time, formulated the new theory of sustainable development in order to resolve conflict between environment and development. The report titled our common future which proposed a definition of sustainable development by stating that sustainable development is the development that meets the need of the present without compromising t he ability of future generation to meet their own need. In order to achieve sustainable development environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 provided the fundamental principles for achieving sustainable development. The salient feature of sustainable development according to RIO declaration are:- Intergenerational equity use and conservation of the natural resources, environmental protection, the precautionary principles, polluters pay principle, obligation technology transfer on concessional rates to develop countries. Moreover principles 3 and 4 of the Rio Declaration, 1992 are relevant for this issue which are set as under:- Principle 3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet development and environmental needs of present and future generation. Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. The Johannesburg SUMMIT in 2002 expanded the concept of sustainable development by underscoring the necessity of a better integration of the three pillars of sustainable development namely economic development, social development and environmental protection. The concept of sustainable development was further defined in Article 3 (1A) of the convention for cooperation in the protection and sustainable development of the Marine and Coastal environment of the North Pacific, 2004. For the purpose of this convention sustainable development means the process of progressive change in the quality of human being which place it as the centre and primordial subject of development, by means of economic growth with social security and the transformation of methods of protection and consumption patterns and which is sustained in the ecological balance and vital support of the region. This process implies respect for regional, national and local ethnic and cultural diversity, and full perspective of people in peaceful co-existence and in harmony with the nature without prejudice to an ensuring the quality of life of future generation. Role of Judiciary in the development of Environmental law in India: The judiciary a spectator to environmental exploitation for more than two decades has recently assumed a pro-active role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. We can say environmental law in India as the story of Indias judiciary responding to the complaints of its citizens against environmental degradation and administrative sloth. The Judiciary looked to constitutional provisions to provide the court with the necessary jurisdiction to address specific issues. Disputes that are normally matters of torts in other common law jurisdictions are treated as fundamental cases in India. But the fundamental rights part of the constitution of India does not have any specific mention of the environmental matters. Here the Supreme Court played a pivotal role. The Supreme Court, in its interpretation of Article 21, has facilitated the emergence of the environmental jurisprudence in India. Supreme Court has essentially interpreted the right to life under Article 21 to include a right to healthy and pollution free environment. A very importance case in this regard is the Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar1. _____________________________________________________________________ (1991) 1 SCC 598. It was observed that Rights to live is a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution and it includes the right of enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life. It anything endangers or impairs that quality of life in derogation flaws, a citizen has the right to have recourse to Article 32 of Constitution. In the era of globalization Indian Supreme Court has made an adjustment with its earlier purely environment friendly attitude and under the influence of the Brundtland Report, 1987 and the Rio declaration, 1992 the Apex Court has introduced a new concept of sustainable development and its ancillary principles like precautionary principle, polluters pay principle and intergenerational equity etc. In order to resolve the contemporary conflict between environment and development let us discuss hereinafter how our Apex Court has adopted and applied those principles of international convention in its several judicial pronouncement. Supreme Court on Sustainable development: In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India2 is one of the earliest case that the Supreme Court had indirectly dealt with question of Sustainable development and Supreme Court held that : Life, Public health and ecology has priority over unemployment and loss of revenue problem. One of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court has to deal with the question of the Development v. Environment is Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. Dehradun v. State of U.P. 3 In this case the matter related to illegal and unauthorized mining that was causing ecological imbalance and also causing environmental disturbance. The court rightly pointed out that it is always to be remembered that these are permanent assets and not to be exhausted in one generation and thus holding that the environmental protection and ecological balance should also are equally important as the economical development of the country. The Supreme Court after much investigation, ordered the stopping of mining work and held that: This would undoubtedly cause hardship to them, but it is a price that has to be paid for protecting and safeguarding the right of the people to live in healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecological balance and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, homes and agricultural land and undue affection of air, water and environment. This judgment could be also considered in the context. This was first time such a question is coming before the Supreme Court. The first case on which the apex court had applied the doctrine of Sustainable Development was Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India4 _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1997 SC 374. (1987) Supp. SCC 487 AIR 1996 SC 2715. In the instant case, dispute arose over some tanneries in the state of Tamil Nadu. These tanneries were discharging effluents in the river Palar, which was the main source of drinking water in the state. This is considered to be the most important case as far as the evolving of the environmental law and the contribution of the Indian Supreme Court towards that direction. In this case the Judgment given by Justice Kuldip Singh is of utmost importance, he has observed in his judgment that the traditional concept that development and ecology are opposed to each other, is no longer acceptable. Sustainable Development is the answer. He goes on to explain about the development of Sustainable development as well accepted principle in the international level. Justice Kuldip Singh observes that We have no hesitation in holding that Sustainable Development as a balancing concept between ecology and development has been accepted as a part of the Customary International Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. While accepting Sustainable Development as the part of the environmental law of the land the reasoning given by Justice Kuldip Singh shows great power. Supreme Court has to make the law rather than just to interpret the law. Justice Kuldip Singh held that Once these [here sustainable development] principles are accepted as part of the customary International Law there would be no difficulty in accepting them as part of the domestic law. It is almost accepted proposition of law that the rule of customary International Law which are not contrary to the municipal law shall be deemed to have been incorporated in the domestic and shall be followed by the Courts of law. It was also observed Our legal system having been founded on the British Common Law the right of a person to pollution free environment is a part of the basis jurisprudence of the land. In T.N. Godavaraman Thimmalapad v Union of India5, the Supreme Court reiterated what have been said in the Vellore case and has declared that precautionary and sustainable development principles are two salutary principles that govern the law of the environment. In N.D. Jayal v. Union of India6, the Supreme Court has declared that the adherence to sustainable development is a sine qua non for the maintenance of Symbiotic balance between the right to development and development. This concept is an integral part of life under Article 21. _____________________________________________________________________ (2002) 10 SCC 606 at page 613 (2003) 6 SCC 572 at page 586 The ancillary principle of sustainable development developed by our Apex court : Inter-Generational Equity:- The principle talks about the right of every generation to get benefit from the natural resources. Principle 3 of the Rio declaration states that: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. The main object behind the principle is to ensure that the present generation should not abuse the non-renewable resources so as to deprive the future generation of its benefit. This principle was used in the case of and has also been recognized by the Supreme Court of India in the M.C. Mehta -vs- Union of India (Taj Trapezium case)7. In State of Himachal Pradesh v. Ganesh Wood Products8, the Supreme Court invalidated forest- based industry, recognizing the principle of inter- generational equity as being central to the conservation of forest resources and sustainable development. The Court also noted in Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (CRZ Notification case)9 that the principle would be violated if there were a substantial adverse ecological effect caused by industry. The Precautionary Principle : This principal has widely been recognized as the most important principle of Sustainable Development. Principle 15 the Rio declaration states that: In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious of irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. Polluter Pays Principle:- Principle 16 of the Rio declaration states that:National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. The object of the above principle was to make the polluter liable not only for the compensation to the victims but also for the cost of restoring of environmental degradation. Once the actor is proved to be guilty, he is liable to compensate for his act irrelevant of the fact that whether he is involved in development process or not. _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1997 SC 374. AIR 1996 SC 149 (1996) 5 SCC 281 The Supreme Court in various cases has held that the importance of having borrowed the precautionary principle and the polluter pay principle and these principles are now the law of the land. In the case of Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India10 the Supreme Court through Justice Kuldip Singh had opined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We have no hesitation in holding that the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle are part of the environment law of the country. As elucidated in this case, precautionary principle includes the following points. Environmental measures by the State Government and the local authority must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. The onus of proof is on the actor or the developer to proof that his action is environmentally benign. In doing this Justice Kuldip Singh has actually looked into the constitutional provisions and statutory provisions. Justice Kuldip Singh goes on to say that even otherwise also this principles could be read into the law of the land this is by the way of reading the customary international law that is not in conflict with the domestic law shall be deemed to be the part of the domestic law. Balancing of Interest concept A very important jurisprudential concept of the Balancing of Interest concept could be actually used to evaluate the cases in which the Sustainable development concept is being used. In this process of interpretation, the Court is more concerned with weighing the competing values of a free society. In the course of rendering decisions, judges are to aim at accommodation or balance of societys conflicting interest. The very process of balancing competing social interests based on the constitutional values, demonstrates the essential similarities between judges and legislative character of the legislature. This again takes us into the realm of reality of the judicial law making. But it is of well acceptance that the court should not assume the role of a super-legislature. This is in another way described as judicial restraint. _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1996 SC 2715 This principle of judicial self-restraint should not be stretched too far and too often to convert the court into a virtual rubber stamp of a legislature. The reason is that the concept of democracy includes provision of those rights, which make it possible for minorities to become majorities. A system that is founded on a doctrine such of the separation of powers and checks and balances necessarily calls for cooperation among governing institutions in policy making. A very relevant discussion regarding this will be imminent and this is Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India11 and for that matter all of the infrastructural projects and the related policy issues. In this case it was opined by the Supreme Court that In present case, we are not concerned with polluting industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. what is being constructed is a large dam. The dam is neither a nuclear establishment nor polluting industry. The construction of a dam undoubtedly would result in the change of environment but it will not be correct to presume that the construction of a large dam like Sardar Sarovar will result in ecological disaster. The experience does not show that construction of a damà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦leads to ecological or environmental degradation. This signifies that the precautionary principle can be used only in the case of pollution and with reference to the Sustainable development Supreme Court observed that Sustainable development mea ns what type or extent of development can take place, which can be sustained by nature/ecology with or without mitigation. The courts have attempted to provide a balanced view of priorities while deciding environmental matters. As India is developing country, certain ecological sacrifices are deemed necessary, while keeping in mind the nature of the environmental in that area, and its criticality to the community. This is in order that future generations may benefit from policies and laws that further environment as well as developmental goals. Doctrine of Public trust: The applicant of the Professor Joseph Saxs doctrine of public trust is another important contribution by the Supreme Court of India. The doctrine of public trust calls for affirmative state action for effective management of resources and empowers the citizens to question ineffective management of natural resources. Chief Justice Y.K. Sabharwal points out that when the Supreme Court has applied the public trust doctrine, it has considered it not only as an international law concept, but also as one which is well established in our domestic legal system. _____________________________________________________________________ (2000) 10 SCC 664 In M.C. Mehta vs. Kamal Nath12 the Court held that the State, as a trustee of all natural resources, was under a legal duty to protect them, and that the resources were meant for public use and could not be transferred to private ownership. In the case of M.I. Builders Pvt. Ltd. vs Radhey Shyam Sahu13 it was observed by the Supreme Court that public trust doctrine have developed from the Article 21 of Constitution and is very much a part of the Indian legal jurisprudence. This again point towards the inevitability of the judicial legislation and as S.P. Sathe says that the Indian parliament have stopped legislating in the last two decades, naturally as an alternative people also started to look at Supreme Court as a institutional set up for the enforcement of their rights or rather as a sensible agency which could hear their problems. As Upendra Baxi says that the public interest (social action) litigation and the judicial activism had given the Supreme Court legitimacy to step into the shoes of the legislator and to make the law. The doctrine of public trust though borrowed from professor Joseph Sax is a real epitome of the creation of the new principle by the Supreme Court. The principles of sustainable development and its ancillary principles, like precautionary principle, polluter pay principle and the principle of inter-generational equity are further adopted in the latest judgment of the Supreme Court., namely, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board-Vs- C. Kenchappa14 where the Apex Court clarified that there are two conditions which emanate from the principle of sustainable development :- The consequence and adverse impact of development on environment must be comprehended properly .It must be seen that the development activities does not cause irreparable loss to ecology of the area; The clearance of the project from the concerned pollution control boards and the Department of Forest and Environment must be made a mandatory condition for any developmental projects. In another recent case Intellectual Forum, Tirupathi-Vs- State of A.P. 15 the doctrine of Public Trust has been adopted your Apex Court as the integral part of the Indian Law. _____________________________________________________________________ (1997) 1 SCC 388 AIR 1999 SC 2468 AIR 2006 SC 2038 (2006) 3 SCC 552 Conclusion: From the above discussions it can be inferred that if we consider the era of globalization as a water shed then the role of Indian Judiciary in developing the environmental jurisprudence through its plethora of judgments may be divided in to two phases:- In the first phase in the pre-globalization stage i.e. just after the Bhopal Gas Disaster Case, 1984, our Apex Court has played a pro-active role in enforcing the environmental norms strictly in the light of the Stockholm Conference, 1972, without compromising with the interest of the industrialization and other socio economic problems of our country. Obviously such role of the Supreme Court created a conflict between the environment and development of the country. But in the second phase i.e. the post globalization stage, under the Brundtland Report, 1987 and Rio Declaration, 1992 the Indian Judiciary has made an adjustment with its earlier views and adopted different principles of sustainable development and attempted to resolve the conflict between interest of the corporate world environment. It is needless to say that such changing role of the Indian Courts paves the way of the multinational companies to come to our country due to the effect of the globalization. Actually, in the developing countries the industrialization is not the only cause of the environmental pollution. In the Stockholm Conference, 1972, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi in her speech stated, that the environmental problems of the developing countries are not the side effects of the excessive industrialization but reflect the inadequacy of development. The rich countries may look upon the development as the cause of environmental destruction but to us it is not all the primary means of improving the environment for living, of providing food, water, sanitation and shelter. The ecological ground should not add to the burdens of the weaker nations by introducing new consideration in the political and trade policies of rich nations. It would be ironical if the fights against pollution were to be completed into another business, out of which a few companies, corporations or nations would make profit at the cost of many. In my view the apprehension of Mrs. Gandhi in her aforesaid statements is still relevant after passing 39 years of the Stockholm Conference. It is true that in order to eradicate the poverty an advance economic growth of the country, industrialization is necessary and for the said purpose the balance is to be created between the effect of industrialization and the environmental protection. We should welcome the said seminal work of the Indian Judiciary as long as it is beneficial for the common people. But side by side it is to be kept in mind that whether the role of our Apex Court in the era of globalization will ultimately benefits a large number of common people of our country or it will turn into an instrument in the hands of a few multinational companies for making their profit at the cost of the interest of the people of India.

Gynecomastia :: science

Gynecomastia Definition Gynecomastia is a common disease of the male breast where there is a benign glandular enlargement of that breast at some time in the male's life. It usually consists of the appearance of a flat pad of glandular tissue beneath a nipple which becomes tender at the same time. The development may be unilateral or bilateral. There is rarely a continued growth of the breast tissue; ordinarily the process is of brief duration and stops short of the production of permanent enlargement of the breast. Causes A great number of patients who suffer from this disease have a disturbance in the proper ratio of androgen and estrogen levels. The normal ratio of the two hormones in plasma is approximately 100:1. "The etiology of gynecomastia in patients with a known documented cause appears to be related to increased estrogen stimulation, decreased testosterone levels, or some alteration of the estrogens and androgen so that the androgen-estrogen ratio is decreased"(Williams 373). From this information it was discovered that there is also a lower ratio of weaker adrenal androgens (delta 4-androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone) found in youths with this disease. It was once believed that there was an imbalance in the ratios of testosterone to estrogen or estradiol, but this is now know to be untrue. There are three areas the can be attributed to the cause of gynecomastia: physiologic, pathologic and pharmacologic. "Enlargement of the male breast can be a normal physiologic phenomenon at certain stages of life or the result of several pathologic states."(Isselbacher, 2037) In the case of physiologic gynecomastia the disease can occur in a newborn baby, at puberty or at any time in a man's life. In the newborn, transient enlargement of the breast is due to the action of maternal and/or placental estrogens. The enlargement usually disappears within a few weeks. Adolescent gynecomastia is common during puberty with the onset at the median age of 14. It is often asymmetrical and frequently tender. It regresses so that by the age of 20 only a small number of men have palpable vestiges of gynecomastia in one or both the breasts. Gynecomastia of aging also occurs in otherwise healthy men. Forty percent or more of aged men have gynecomastia. One explanation is the increase in age in the conversion of androgens to estrogens in extra- glandular tissues. Drug therapy and abnormal liver functioning can also be causes of gynecomastia in older men.

Washington D.C: Our Nation’s Capital :: History

Washington D.C: Our Nation’s Capital Although the entire world is familiar with the City of Washington as the United State’s capital, the city was nonexistent when we became a nation in 1789. Thanks to the brilliant design of the French born engineer, Pierre Charles L’Enfant and his assistants Benjamin Banneker and Andrew Ellicot, our capital city that was once a swamp now is beautiful with many different parks, gardens trees, tall buildings and wide avenues. Washington, District of Columbia named after Christopher Columbus, has played a unique role in the wars of our nation and has been dramatically affected by their awesome events. The battles, conflicts and politics of war have forever changed America. During the War of 1812, the British burned the newly-built capital; The Civil War transformed Washington District of Columbia (DC) from a sleepy Southern village into the powerful capital of a reunited nation. Through the course of World War II Washington became the nerve center of an unprecedented war effort and headquarters of the postwar free world. During and after the Civil War, thousands of slaves fled to Washington D.C., thinking that if they reached the capital, they would be safe and free. However, the government was totally unprepared for an influx of this magnitude. There was no place for them to live, very little food, and no employment. Sojourner Truth was a very inspirational woman who was a former slave that worked with th ese people trying to improve their living conditions and was later employed by the government’s Freedmen’s Bureau. Wonderful black people like Sojourner Truth and James Wormley who was a successful hotel owner, were a very essential component to black’s rise in DC. They gave hope to hopeless black people. Their lives demonstrated that black people could rise above the turmoil and uproar. Before our nation’s capital rested as Washington D.C it was located in New York City temporarily. A year later it was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A fierce rivalry developed between the northern and southern states over the location; their economic interests were completely different. The states believed that the newly appointed city to be the nations capital would have more power over the remaining states, even congressmen were aware that the area receiving the capital would gain wealth and political influence. Some of the competing cities offered land and money as incentives. This discrepancy that was finally resolved by a political compromise.

Euthanasia Essay: Mercy Killing or Murder? -- Euthanasia Physician Ass

Euthanasia: Mercy Killing or Murder?      Ã‚   We, as humans, are mortal beings.   Our life span is finite.   Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can; fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of human nature.   Sometimes, however, the field of medicine capitalizes on this aspect of humanity. While it is certainly true that one goal of medicine has always been to prolong life, another goal has been the alleviation of pain and suffering.   One point at which these two views collide is over the hotly debated issue of euthanasia.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Euthanasia, or "mercy killing," as it has been called, is certainly not an issue with just two sides.   There are many shades of gray involved, so to speak.   Euthanasia, after all,   ranges from simply allowing an individual to die naturally without life support or "pulling the plug" (passive euthanasia), all the way to Jack Kevorkian's suicide machine (active euthanasia). To complicate things further, there is also voluntary euthanasia, "Cases in which patient requests to be killed, and dies as a result of action taken by another person," involuntary euthanasia; "cases in which no action is requested because the patient is unconscious, senile, or otherwise incapable of making a request, but the person is allowed to die or is killed," and nonvoluntary euthanasia; "cases in which a conscious, terminally ill patient states that they do not want to die, but is allowed to die or is killed anyway" (http://valdosta.peachnet.edu).   While an individual may advocate one form of euthanasia, it is not uncommon for the same person to be completely against another form.   There are cases in which euthanasia is wrong, especially cases involving conscious pe... ...d dreaded events that human beings ever have to go through.   This is probably the main reason that euthanasia is so controversial.   It is human nature for us to try and prolong our lives as long as possible, and, through medicine, we have prolonged them quite a bit.   It is important to remember, nevertheless, that sometimes while attempting to fight our common enemy death, we lose sight of the best interests of the individuals whose lives we are affecting.   Are these people not the most qualified people to make this decision?   It is, after all, their lives that hang in the balance.    Works Cited "Murder" American Heritage Dictionary on CD-ROM,   1991. Internet: Http://www.ieatf.org.McCord, William. Internet: Http://valdosta.peachnet.edu.   "Moral Dilemmas." Society 29 July-August 1992: 22. Pallone, Nathaniel. Society 29 July-August 1992: 35.

Shanholtzer Iehr

The fact that a patient has experienced recent weight loss, fatigue, and joss of appetite would be included in which part of the review of systems (ROSS)? A. Musculoskeletal B. Gastrointestinal C. Neurological D. Constitutional Answer: D. Constitutional Topic: The Review of Systems (ROSS) Feedback: Vital signs, general health, and weight changes are all part of the constitutional findings in the ROSS. Blooms: Understand 29. Of the following, which is not an element of the history of present illness (HIP)? A. Duration B. Severity C. Quantity D. Quality Answer: C. Annuity Feedback: A physical exam includes objective findings of the care provider hill the HIP includes the signs or symptoms that a patient communicates to the provider, such as the duration, severity, and quality of pain. Blooms: Understand CA. PEEP: V. C. 6 SASHIMI I. A. I; l. A. 2; I. B. I 34. Kelly is being seen by her physician today, and he is asking her if she's had any increase in or unusual headaches since her last visit, whether she has any blurred vision, and whether she has seen her eye doctor in the past year. The answers to these and other questions are documented in what part of the health record?Answer: Review of Systems (ROSS) Feedback: Patients either fill out a form which asks for current symptoms, or the care provider verbally asks the patient about signs and symptoms for each body system, to complete a comprehensive review of systems (ROSS). Blooms: Understand ABBES: 4. A CHIME: I. A. I; IA. 2; I. B. I; I. B. 3 Estimated Time: 1-2 minutes 35. How a patient is feeling, any current complaints or concerns, weight loss or gain, appetite, sleep patterns or difficulties, and a recap of vital signs. This information is documented in the general part of the ROSS, and is also known s what?Answer: constitutional (or general) Learning outcome: 05. 03 Feedback: The elements listed in the question are part of the constitutional (or general) portion of the ROSS. Blooms: Understand CHIME: I. A. I; IA. 2; LB. 1; I. B. 3 CHART NOTE Date of service: September 5, 2013 Patti Wolfe is a 49-year-old patient of Dry. Mamba's. Ms. Wolfe arrives today complaining of a productive cough, heaviness in her chest, chanciness, and a fever of 102. She started one week ago with symptoms of a cold – runny eyes, nasal congestion, cough, and some wheezing.The cough was non-productive. She has taken over the counter (ETC) medications, but has not seen much improvement, and in fact her cough has become worse. Ms. Wolfe has a history of gastrointestinal reflux disease (GIRD). She has had no recent weight loss or gain, she has been feeling well, though a little fatigued over the past week; she has no frequency or urgency of urination, does not have any blurred or double vision, and has had no night sweats. Dry. Mamba conducts a physical exam (PEP) with the following findings: Head: Morphophonemic. Eyes:Equal and reactive to light. Ears: Clear. Nose: congestion noted. Throat: Clear. Lungs: Ar les and rancho are noted on auscultation. Dry. Mamba writes an order for a chest x-ray which will be done as an outpatient at the local hospital. She instructs Ms. Wolfe to drink plenty of fluids, take Ethylene or ibuprofen for her chanciness and fever, and to use a cool mist humidifier at night. Dry. Mamba diagnoses the patient with Cough, ruling out pneumonia. 43. In the chart note above, what information is considered to be part of the review of systems (ROSS)?Answer: She has had no recent weight loss or gain, she has been feeling well, though a little fatigued over the past week, she has no frequency or urgency of urination, does not have any blurred or double vision, and has had no night sweats. Learning Outcome: 05. 03 Feedback: She has had no recent weight loss or gain, she has been feeling well, though a little fatigued over the past week, she has no frequency or urgency of urination, does not have any blurred or double vision, and has had no night sweats. Blooms: Apply Diff iculty: 2 Medium Estimated Time: 3-5 minutes

Crying of Lot

Oedipal runs Into people with eightfold names and identities, or who are worker sort compulsive role- playfulnessers. (She herself gets the name smidgin Arnold Snare stuck on her. ) Later, the men nearly her sorcerert dissolving or disappearance In pull down more forceful modal values. Obviously, this sense of psychic variability Is a result of Ponchos method characterization, which gives surface traits kinda than psychological depth still, its good to find that Hollywood Is not far away.But hypothesise Hollywood is the world? And suppose Poncho is presenting us with a world without stable selves or identities? Write in any way that interests you about(predicate) a few of these characters and the consequences for Oedipal of her encounters with them. -Oedipal herself- plays umpteen roles, beginning we teach her as a housewife, later as a student, even as a granddaughter -Banal livelihood at the beginning of the novel (Departure, fondue, kirsch, miscellany drinks trans cendence to protagonist on gratuity of conspiracy, akin James bond with affair. imagine at the beginning when she talks about all the roles she could play. -gets lost and pretends to be a tourist/stockholder (56) As granddaughter talk to Mr.. Tooth (61) -Voyeur Listener and detective (85) -Pierce- many roles -Did Press- attorney to actor to lawyer -Metzger- from child star movie/actor to lawyer -Much- auto salesman to DC to molester/non-law-abider -Driblet- (peg 51) -A cross or the initial T? Could be either in the wells Fargo Incident (60) -Motherly when meeting genesis Cohen (64) -Arnold Snare (75) -NAZI salesman- Zap books Buchwald Ramp Dry.Hilarious Oedipal turn into her normal conscious self for a little while, tells police her name (95) -Eyewitness (much interviewed her) and Edna moss (peg 97) E) Paranoia and learning How does the experience of reading The Crying of megabucks 49 resemble Oedipal way of devising meaning? -I want to see if theres a connection. Im curi ous at the play before Driblet (page -Why is everybody so Interested in texts? Poncho, via Driblet, speaks to the contributor You guys, youre Like the Puritans about the Bible. So hung up with rods, words. 16 This Is not a warning to the reader and Oedipal against Interpretation. Instead, It Is a warning to the reader and Oedipal of the addictive nature of their respective searches. Alphas search civil wrong ten Orlando version of The Couriers Tragedy, which is obstructed by her inability to separate her play from its author, editor program or producer, is an exaggerated metaphor of the r traders troubles in making sense of the novel. 17 For our purposes, they serve to wed the readers quest for a literary meaning with Oedipal quest for self-discovery.As mentioned before, a major el meet deep down the reader and Oedipal quest is paranoia. Paranoia pushes the reader by dint of the text. We are constantly led towards a conclusion, but then deceived. Our inability to decode symbo ls relates to our inability to increase the communicative noise of our world. Nevertheless, The Crying of Lot 49 succeeds in actively involving the reader within the text, a hallmark of postmodern literature. -Looked on backside wall again to find symbol. Asks playwright about bones. *More she looked into things more she truism in it (53/54)